Chinese drone technology model type introduction

A drone is a drone, and there is no driver on board. * The program controls the automatic flight or the aircraft that is remotely controlled by the person on the ground or the mother machine. It is equipped with autopilot, program control system, remote control and telemetry system, automatic navigation system, automatic landing system, etc., through these systems to achieve long-range control flight. Compared with manned aircraft, drones are light in weight, small in size, low in cost, and good in concealment, and are particularly suitable for performing dangerous tasks.

Since the first use of radio-controlled model aircraft as a target aircraft in the 1930s, the development of drones has been very rapid. In the 1940s, small pistons with low speed and low speed were put into practical use. In the 1950s, high-sonic and supersonic high-performance target drones emerged. After the 1960s, with the development of microelectronics technology, navigation and control technology, some countries have developed unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. The application fields of drones are expanding: military for reconnaissance, communication, anti-submarine, electronic countermeasures and ground attack; for civilian use in geodesy, resource exploration, meteorological observation, forest fire prevention and artificial rainfall; Used for atmospheric sampling, new technology research and verification.

The research on Chinese drones began in the late 1950s. In 1959, the automatic take-off and landing laws of the An-2 and Il-28 aircrafts were basically explored. In the mid and late 1960s, the development of drones was carried out, and a series of "Long Sky" 1 target aircraft, no detective high altitude aerial reconnaissance aircraft and D4 small remote control aircraft were formed, and a drone design research institute was established based on the institutions of higher learning. Self-design and small batch production capacity. The various types of UAVs produced in China basically meet the domestic military needs and gradually move to the international market.

The drone is a drone for air defense missiles, aircraft guns, anti-aircraft gun test and target shooting. In the 1950s, the target machine was mainly the La-17 manufactured by the former Soviet Union. In 1968, the state officially issued a task, requiring Nanjing Aeronautical Institute to develop the "Long Sky" 1 medium and high altitude target. In 1976 and 1977, the institute successively developed the "Long Sky" 1 medium and high altitude target machine and the 1015B radar target. The UAV Research Laboratory was established in 1977 and expanded into the UAV Research Institute in 1979. The institute has four research rooms and two production workshops: overall, structural strength and system, radio and electrical, and engine. The flight control system research laboratory and ad hoc workshop are located in the Department of Automatic Control Engineering. After 1977, Nanjing Aeronautical College successively developed the "Long Sky" 1 nuclear test sampler, "Long Sky" 1 low-altitude type and large mobile type target machine. It basically satisfies the needs of various domestic anti-aircraft missile targets, and successfully completed the nuclear test through the cloud sampling task.

(1) "Long Sky" 1 medium and high altitude target drone (CK1)

In the 1960s, due to the cancellation of Soviet aid and the withdrawal of experts, the La-17 unmanned drones used by the PLA Air Force were seriously lacking. The country decided to engage in its own unmanned drones, thus promoting the No. 1 space. The Changchun No. 1 (CK-1) high-speed drone was successfully established by the Air Force Test and Training Base II in the Badain Jaran Desert from 1965 to 1967. The main person in charge was known as the “father of Chinese drones”. General Zhao Wei, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. On December 6, 1966, the first flight of Changkong No. 1 was successful. In fact, Sky One is the imitation of the La-17 product. It took three months from the start of imitation to the overall design. After the transfer is specifically responsible for the Nanjing Aviation Academy. In China Southern Airlines, the model was designed and finalized at the end of 1976, and the chief designer was Guo Rongwei of the school. As early as the late 1960s, the institute began the development of drones. After the successful development of Changkong No. 1, it played an important role in the test of air weapons in China. Sky One is a large jet radio-controlled high-sonic aircraft that can be used for missile targeting or air defense training. Airspace No. 1 can be modified to perform air pollution monitoring, terrain and mining surveys. The machine adopts a typical high subsonic layout, with a slender streamline, a straight wing and a large aspect ratio. The horizontal tail is rectangular and mounted in the middle of the vertical tail. The front and rear sections of the fuselage are made of aluminum alloy semi-hard shell structure. The engine and its intake are housed in a nacelle in the lower part of the fuselage. The wing tip nacelle, the tail wing tip, the inlet lip, the nose and the tail cover are all made of FRP. The rectangular wing of the medium-wing structure adopts an asymmetrical wing profile with a 2 degree lower dihedral angle and a wing mounting angle of 0°45'. Two wingtip nacelles are suspended from the wing tip. The horizontal tail is mounted in the middle of the vertical tail, and both the flat tail and the vertical tail adopt a rectangular airfoil with a symmetrical wing profile. Both the wing and the empennage are aluminum alloy single beam thin wall structures. The airborne equipment and autopilot are installed in the front and rear sections respectively, and the middle section of the fuselage is a pressure oil supply tank. In the design, the fuselage shell s is directly used as the tank wall, which saves weight. There are two small auxiliary fuel tanks under the improved version of the wing.

The take-off of Sky One is very distinctive, with a recyclable launch vehicle for take-off. Inspired by a picture of the Australian “Jindivik” car, Zhao Wei found the inspiration for the ground-based take-off. The aircraft is fixed on three short slide rails of the launch vehicle, and a thrust pin is provided at the bottom of the engine compartment for fixing. The aircraft engine starts when it takes off, and the launch vehicle starts to run. When the speed of the sprint reaches 275 km / h, the aircraft has enough lift to lift off. At this time, the thrust pin is pulled out under the action of the air-cooling actuator on the launching vehicle, and the airplane is separated from the launching vehicle and begins to climb. The launch vehicle decelerated due to lack of power, and then the ground crew issued a radio command, throwing the brake umbrella and controlling the brakes to stop the launch vehicle. The launch vehicle can be reused. The launch vehicle is equipped with a heading automatic correction system to ensure that the heading deviation within 30 meters is maintained within 30 meters. The launching of the launch vehicle has reduced the complexity of the drone itself, but it is more complicated and troublesome than the airdrop or rocket boosting take-off method. Of course, the advantage is that the manned aircraft is called as the parent machine. The La-17 target is released by airdrop.

After taking off for 85 seconds, Sky One began to transfer to the on-board program to control the flight, and then the ground station used the radar information and other means to issue appropriate radio commands for remote control. The Sky One C can enter the ground weapon shooting area 2 to 8 times, providing shooting opportunities.

The pull--17 uses a smaller thrust engine. The long-air one was later converted to a modified WP-6 turbojet engine. The tail spout was converted to a fixed type. The thrust can be adjusted by changing the engine speed. The sea level is rated static thrust. 21.1 kN, the maximum static thrust is 24.5 kN. The engine was originally used in the J-6. The overall fuel tank has a capacity of 820 liters and a fuel quality of 600 kg. After the B and C models are added to the auxiliary fuel tank, the fuel quality is 840 kg. Since the thrust of the WP-6 engine is 7 times larger than that of the original engine, and the appearance of the long-air No. 1 is unchanged, the premature lifting torque is inevitably generated during the take-off process, which has caused problems in the take-off test of the target aircraft. Later, the method of reducing the head moment and increasing the lift when taking off the general aircraft took the opposite approach. This problem was solved by increasing the head torque during the takeoff of the sky.

The landing of Sky One was slightly awkward compared to other drones in the world, and it was actually a hard landing. When it enters the intended landing site under the direction of the radio command, it automatically pulls up at a height of 500 meters and then enters the unpowered down. Maintain a large angle of attack when grounding, the tail first landed, * engine nacelle and tail nozzle absorb part of the impact energy to achieve the main part of the recovery. The body can be used again after being repaired. This incomplete re-use has a negative effect on the cost of use and maintenance.

(2) "Long Sky" 1 nuclear test sampler (CK1A)

In March 1977, the country issued the task of converting the "Long Sky" 1 target aircraft into a nuclear test sampler.

Nuclear testing through cloud sampling is an important part of the development of nuclear weapons. In the past, sampling with manned aircraft not only may damage the health of the flight central meteorological observatory, but also because the time of wearing the cloud is late, the samples obtained are not fresh enough, which affects the identification and analysis of the test. Researchers at the Nanjing Aeronautical Institute carried out research and development work to serve the national defense construction and have a high sense of responsibility for the pilot's personal health. In just half a year, they developed three sampling machines and conducted various tests. Before the official trial, they made a simulated test flight with æ­¼6 aircraft tracking. Tests and test flights showed that the development of the sampler was successful. On September 17, 1977, a "Long Sky" 1 sampler participated in a cloud-carrying flight of a nuclear test in China. At the time of the explosion, the sampling machine was 150 km away from the explosion center. The aircraft flew according to the scheduled route, opened the sampler door twice and passed through the cloud of smoke, and landed at the scheduled location ten minutes later. The aircraft was basically completed, the sampler was not damaged, and a "fresh" sample was taken.

　 The Nanjing Aeronautical Institute provided a number of sampling machines for the nuclear test project. It participated in four nuclear tests and obtained samples of sufficient dose to successfully complete the scheduled tasks. In 1980, it completely replaced the backward method of manned sampling.

(3) "Long Sky" 1 low-altitude target drone (CK1B)

In order to meet the needs of low-altitude air defense missile test and identification, Nanjing Aeronautical Institute began to develop the "Long Sky" 1 low-altitude target aircraft in February 1980. The machine is improved on the basis of the mid-high altitude type target machine. The main improvement is that the engine is adapted to low-altitude flight and adopts a low-thrust "low-altitude cruise state", which is equivalent to the rated static thrust of the turbojet 6 engine. 40%; a 160-liter auxiliary fuel tank was placed under each of the two wings to increase the range; the flight control system was adjusted.

On May 18, 1982, the low-altitude target aircraft was released for the first time. After 48 minutes of flight, it landed safely and the first flight was successful. In February 1983, it was approved to design and put into small batch production. In the future, the domestic low-altitude missiles will be provided for target testing to meet the needs of use.

(4) "Long Sky" 1 large mobile target machine (CK1C)

In order to strengthen the national defense force, a number of high-performance missiles have been tested and tested, and a large maneuvering target machine capable of high-speed horizontal sharp turns in low altitude and hollow is urgently needed. This type of drone is still a blank in China, and only a few countries in the world can produce it.

When the state issues a task, the military needs a drone capable of high-speed horizontal maneuvering with a slope of 70-77 degrees. It requires the Nanjing Aviation Academy to develop a high-performance large one in a year and a half from the beginning of 1983. The motorized drone, and subsequently manufactured a batch to provide missile target use. The task is arduous, the technology is complex, and the cycle is short. This requires that there should be no mistakes in the overall plan, there can be no rework in the trial production, and every job must be done quickly, well, and in an orderly manner. After accepting the task, Nanjing Aeronautical College was eager for the country and made the decision to complete the task. It established a development leading group led by the president, established the chief designer system and administrative command system, and applied system engineering management. The method, trial implementation of the contract responsibility system, so that the development work will soon be spread throughout the hospital.

Chief designer Lu Qingfeng and deputy chief designer Luo Feng presided over the design of the long-air 1 low-altitude target machine as the original machine. The key technologies are the improved design of thrust, structure, flight control, fuel supply, electromagnetic compatibility, electrical network and flight path. The most difficult and most critical first flight control system and fuel supply system.

Type C uses an oil supply system suitable for large-slope turning flights. The C-type is equipped with a fully enclosed oil chamber at the front end of the mid-section fuselage, which maintains a fuel-filled state during flight, ensuring continuous oil supply in all flight attitudes. The C-type is equipped with an automatic control system suitable for large-slope maneuvering. The main improvements include the introduction of the roll angle integral signal in the aileron channel, improving the control accuracy of the roll angle, ensuring the symmetry of the slope on the left and right sides, and introducing the height and altitude change rate signals in the elevator channel to improve the dynamic performance of the height maintaining system. The stability of the height during the leveling is improved; the softening circuit is added to the three channels, and the control balance and the effect of good compensation are achieved without affecting the original closed loop. In order to avoid overload exceeding the specified value, a step change is taken to reduce the amount of control in the elevator passage. In order to prevent serious elevation, the system can exit the turn in time and change to a flat flight or a small overload flight. The C-type turning slope is divided into three gears, 35 degrees, 60 degrees and 75.5 degrees, representing general maneuvering, medium maneuvering and large maneuvering respectively.

The new flight control system should ensure that the engine thrust and the three rudder surfaces of the aircraft are controlled in a reasonable manner to achieve a sharp turn with a relatively stable flight speed and flight altitude. The designer improved the design of the autopilot components, carried out the ground centrifugal turntable test, the whole system digital-analog hybrid test and the physical dynamic simulation test, and finally met the technical requirements. In order to achieve coordinated control during large maneuvering turns, the United States uses high-precision overload sensors to adjust the slope and maintain overload. In the absence of such a sensor in the country, the designer creatively uses other domestic equipment to coordinate the turn to achieve a fixed altitude flight, and also achieves a mobile overload.

In order to ensure the normal oil supply in maneuvering, they adopted a scheme of using the engine compressed air to boost the oil supply, and designed a unique oil supply system, which broke through another technical key in the development of the drone.

In July 1984, two test flight prototypes were completed and tested at the test base in September. The motorized overload of the horizontal turn reaches 4G. By the end of 1984, Nanjing Aeronautical College had produced eight large mobile drones. In the qualification test of a high-performance missile from February to March 1985, five target targets were used to complete the target mission of five effective missile launches.

"Long Sky" 1 large mobile target machine has excellent performance to meet different types of missile target test requirements. In the development process of the "Long Sky" 1 target machine series, except for the five test flight failures of the medium and high altitude type machine, the latter three improved models were successful for the first test flight. So far, various types of target aircraft have been released, and there is no flight accident.

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